The short answer is that blocking your old @me.com and @mac.com addresses should not affect emails sent to your @icloud.com address, but it depends on what you mean by blocking them.
As explained in Apple's support article, these three addresses can be associated with the same iCloud account, even though they remain separate email addresses.
It's worth distinguishing between blocking a sender and filtering emails:
- Blocking a sender stops or diverts messages from a particular sender. It doesn't disable your Apple email addresses. Blocking your own old address as a sender would not stop other people sending emails to it.
- Filtering emails lets you decide what happens to messages based on criteria such as the address they were sent to. For example, you could direct messages addressed to your old @me.com and @mac.com addresses to a separate folder or the Bin, while keeping messages sent to your @icloud.com address in your inbox.
I'd recommend keeping all three addresses intact rather than deleting or disabling the older ones. Apple warns that deleted @me.com and @mac.com aliases cannot be added back.
If your aim is simply to keep emails sent to your older addresses out of your main inbox, a suitable filtering rule is likely to be the best solution. See Apple's guide to setting up rules in iCloud Mail.
You can change or delete an email alias, but if you delete an @mac.com or @me.com email alias, you can't add it back to your iCloud account.