I have the same issue; I installed fresh Windows 11 on separate SSD and now I can't sign in to iCloud there. On the same PC, when I boot to my previous Windows 10, iCloud keeps working fine.
iCloud for Windows 15.10.0.39 from the Microsoft Store on both.
On the new one, every sign-in ends with "iCloud for Windows has not fully initialized. Please wait a moment and sign in again." The app log shows AKValidateAppleIDCredentials returning -9106. Sign-in waits for an Apple push token. APSDaemon cannot provide one because it never gets its push certificate. Its device activation request to https://albert.apple.com/WebObjects/ALUnbrick.woa/wa/deviceActivation?device=Windows returns an error page with ErrorKey DEVICE_INFO_INTEGRITY_FAILED (MessageKey ALEndPointErrorPage.deviceInfoIntegrityFailed, "There is a problem with your device.").
Same result on the old one -- I backed up and removed existing push certificate and key on Windows 10 so that APSDaemon had to activate again and it was rejected with the same DEVICE_INFO_INTEGRITY_FAILED. I then restored the original certificate and key, and iCloud works there again.
Both installs send identical device information which Apple server rejects.
If somebody can point Apple Support to this post, please do. I don't have Apple Support available in my region.