You’re drawing conclusions that aren’t substantiated by any Apple documentation or my experience as an Apple developer.
A working front camera narrows the problem, but does not clear the rear cameras. Apple treats the front and rear camera assemblies as separately identifiable components in its parts and service documentation. They also use different pipelines of image processing.
WhatsApp briefly working is not an independent hardware health check. Apple explicitly documents that camera part problems specifically in its discussion of nongenuine replacements can cause third party camera apps to freeze, quit, or display a stuck preview. That does not mean this phone has a replacement camera, it demonstrates why third party app behavior cannot exclude a camera related hardware problem.
On supported iPhones, an app can use a virtual camera (Fusion Camera) consisting of several physical cameras. Apple documents that the system can change the active physical camera according to zoom, focus, and exposure conditions. Consequently, successful initial capture does not necessarily exercise every camera that might be used later.
A software bug is possible, but taking photos successfully for the first 10 seconds does not rule out a hardware fault. It only shows that the camera works initially. The front camera working also does not establish that the rear camera assembly is healthy. The important evidence is whether the same rear camera failure occurs in Apple Camera and other apps, whether it affects particular camera selections, and what Apple’s diagnostics report. The SIM issue resolving after an update does not establish that the camera issue has the same cause.
You need to have Apple perform diagnostics on your iPhone. It can be done in person at an Apple Retail Store or at an Apple Authorized Service Provider. You can also contact Apple Support and request remote diagnostics.
If you’re in the US, please call 1-800-MY-APPLE, or outside the US, consult the support articles below. In Canada, call 1-800-263-3394.
Contact Apple for support and service - Apple Support
Genius Bar Reservation and Apple Support Options - Apple