As Ingo2711 indicates, the "backups" provided by iCloud are very limited. iCloud Backups let you go back about a one day, and iCloud Photos doesn't hang on to Recently Deleted pictures any longer than your phone.
Perhaps you have shared your pictures with friends-- then you could get them to send copies back to you.
Unfortunately, if you don't keep your own backups to an external drive, then there really isn't any place else to look. To back up your pictures you can just plug in an external drive, select the pictures, and use Share>Save to Files. Alternatively, you can backup to a computer:
Transfer photos and videos from your iPhone or iPad to your Mac or PC
If you haven't done one of those backups, then your remaining pictures continue to be in peril.