"Ok, thanks for the tips. I currently do not have another iPhone besides the one that I lost. I have got a borrowed android phone to keep working with the my number. I'm borrowing a Mac and for now that's the only access I have to mi cloud and details. In fact, I'm using that Mac to reply now. I see that the options you list require me to log my iCloud account from an iPhone, but is there a chance to do it from a Mac computer? It is a big problem for me because I sadly stored important information in that note that is protected by the keychain."
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Getting your Notes:
Keep signed out of that person's Mac. If you have a device of your own, then you can sign into it iCloud, and turn on Passwords in iCloud of the Settings application. So you'll have to get a new Apple device --one that is not associate to anyone's Apple account. This all comes down to accessing your notes on a device that has notes toggled in the same Apple Account as that of your lost iPhone. As long as it is in iCloud, then it would have shown --if Notes was not toggled on, on the iPhone then, sadly it is gone.
See if it Is here: https://www.icloud.com/notes/
Secure your Accounts:
Being that you have lost your device, hacked accounts and info can be of great concern.
A. Verify your Devices:
Verify that all device are logged in to your account, by using this link: Check your Apple ID Device List to See where you're Signed in - Apple Support
B. Modify your Credentials:
Having been stollen, someone lily has your credentials. So, by all means, modifying them.
C. Contact Apple Support:
See if Apple Support can give you assistance with this. Note that these are just user-to-user forums. No on here has access to your Apple Account info (and that is a good thing, BTW).
Apple Contact Us Info: